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2.1 Morphology of Flowering Plants
The Root
Regions:
Root Cap, Meristematic Activity, Elongation, Maturation.
Types:
Tap Root:
Dicotyledonous plants (e.g., Mustard).
Fibrous Root:
Monocotyledonous plants (e.g., Wheat).
Adventitious Root:
Arise from parts other than the radicle (e.g., Banyan).
Modifications:
Storage:
Carrot, Radish, Sweet Potato.
Support:
Prop roots (Banyan), Stilt roots (Maize).
Respiration:
Pneumatophores (
Rhizophora
).
The Stem
Features:
Nodes, Internodes, Buds.
Modifications:
Underground:
Tuber (Potato), Rhizome (Ginger), Corm (
Colocasia
).
Sub-aerial:
Runner (Grass), Stolon (Strawberry), Sucker (Banana), Offset (
Pistia
).
Aerial:
Tendrils (Gourds), Thorns (
Citrus
), Phylloclade (
Opuntia
), Cladode (
Asparagus
).
The Leaf
Parts:
Leaf Base, Petiole, Lamina.
Venation:
Reticulate (Dicots), Parallel (Monocots).
Types:
Simple, Compound (Pinnately, Palmately).
Phyllotaxy:
Alternate, Opposite, Whorled.
Modifications:
Tendrils (Peas), Spines (Cacti), Storage (Onion), Insectivorous (Pitcher Plant).
Inflorescence
Definition:
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.
Types:
Racemose:
Main axis continues to grow; acropetal succession.
Cymose:
Main axis terminates in a flower; basipetal succession.
The Flower
Structure:
Calyx (sepals), Corolla (petals), Androecium (stamens), Gynoecium (carpels).
Symmetry:
Actinomorphic (radial), Zygomorphic (bilateral).
Aestivation:
Valvate, Twisted, Imbricate, Vexillary.
Androecium:
Monadelphous, Diadelphous, Polyadelphous.
Gynoecium:
Apocarpous, Syncarpous; Superior, Half-inferior, Inferior ovary.
Placentation
Definition:
The arrangement of ovules within the ovary.
Types:
Marginal:
Pea
Axile:
Tomato, Lemon
Parietal:
Mustard
Free Central:
Dianthus
Basal:
Sunflower
Floral Formula
A concise representation of a flower's structure using symbols.
Example (Mustard):
Ebr ⊕ ⚥ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ G₍₂₎