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2.2 Kingdom Classification: Monera
Characteristics of Kingdom Monera
Unicellular:
Single-celled organisms.
Prokaryotic:
Lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Wall:
Most have a cell wall (not made of cellulose).
Nutrition:
Can be autotrophic (photosynthetic/chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic.
Reproduction:
Primarily by binary fission.
Bacteria
Shape:
Cocci:
Spherical (e.g.,
Streptococcus
)
Bacilli:
Rod-shaped (e.g.,
Lactobacillus
)
Spirilla:
Spiral-shaped (e.g.,
Spirillum
)
Vibrio:
Comma-shaped (e.g.,
Vibrio cholerae
)
Useful Bacteria (Applications)
Food Production:
Yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, vinegar.
Medicine:
Antibiotics (e.g., Streptomycin), vaccines.
Agriculture:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (
Rhizobium
) enrich soil fertility.
Decomposition:
Break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
Bioremediation:
Clean up oil spills and pollutants.
Harmful Bacteria (Applications)
Diseases:
Cause diseases in humans (e.g., Cholera, Tuberculosis, Typhoid), animals, and plants.
Food Spoilage:
Cause food to rot and become unfit for consumption.
Denitrification:
Convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen, reducing soil fertility.