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5.1 Allergy
Concept of Allergy
Definition:
Exaggerated or abnormal immune response by the body to a substance (allergen) that is normally harmless to most people.
Immune system mistakenly identifies allergen as a threat, produces antibodies.
Allergens
Substances that trigger allergic reactions.
Common Examples:
Dust, Pollen Grain, Mites, Strong Sunlight, Particular Food Items (peanuts, milk, eggs, etc.).
Entry Routes of Allergens
Mouth:
Ingestion of allergic food items.
Nose:
Inhalation of airborne allergens (pollen, dust, pet dander).
Skin:
Direct contact (plants, chemicals, insect stings).
Symptoms of Allergic Reaction
Respiratory:
Sneezing, runny nose, congestion, itchy nose, watery eyes, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath.
Skin:
Rashes, hives (urticaria), itching, eczema.
Digestive:
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain.
Systemic (severe cases):
Swelling (angioedema), difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, dizziness, loss of consciousness (anaphylaxis).
Types of Allergies
Seasonal Allergies (e.g., Hay Fever):
Occur during specific times of year, triggered by airborne pollen.
Perennial Allergies:
Occur year-round, triggered by indoor allergens (dust mites, pet dander, mold).
Precautions and Care
Identify and Avoid Allergens:
Most crucial step.
Medication:
Antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays.
Environmental Control:
Keep homes clean, use allergen-proof covers, air purifiers, avoid pets if allergic.
Dietary Management:
For food allergies, read labels, avoid trigger foods.
Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots):
Desensitize immune system (for severe cases).
Carry Emergency Medication:
Epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) for severe allergies.
Medical Alert Bracelet:
Informs others in an emergency.