4.1 Endocrine System

Introduction

  • Network of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones.
  • Hormones are chemical messengers regulating bodily functions (growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood).

Glands: Exocrine vs. Endocrine

Feature Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands
Ducts Have ducts Ductless; secrete directly into bloodstream
Secretions Enzymes, sweat, saliva Hormones
Target Local Distant target cells/organs
Examples Sweat, salivary glands Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands

Hormonal Glands: Location, Secretion, Function

Gland Location Secretion Function
Hypothalamus Brain Releasing/inhibiting hormones Links nervous/endocrine systems; controls pituitary
Pituitary Gland Brain GH, TSH, FSH, etc. "Master gland"; controls growth, metabolism, other glands
Pineal Gland Brain Melatonin Regulates sleep-wake cycles
Thyroid Gland Neck Thyroxine Regulates metabolism, growth, development
Parathyroid Glands Neck Parathyroid hormone Controls blood calcium
Adrenal Glands Above kidneys Adrenaline, Corticosteroids "Fight or flight"; metabolism, immune response, BP
Pancreas Abdomen Insulin, Glucagon Regulates blood sugar
Gonads Pelvic region Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone Puberty, reproduction, menstrual cycle

Adolescence and Accompanying Changes

  • Transitional stage from childhood to adulthood (13-19 years).
  • Prompted by hormones.
  • Physical Changes: Growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics.
  • Emotional Changes: Mood swings, increased self-consciousness, identity development.

Personal Hygiene & Stress Management

  • Personal Hygiene: Important during adolescence due to increased sweat/sebaceous gland activity.
  • Stress Management:
    • Stress: Mental/emotional strain from demanding circumstances.
    • Ways to Tackle Stress: Yoga, meditation, time management, sports, hobbies, rational thinking, sleep, healthy diet.