4.2 Economic Importance of Bacteria

Introduction

  • Microscopic, single-celled organisms found everywhere.
  • Play crucial roles, both beneficial and harmful, in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

(a) Useful Role of Bacteria: Medicine

  • Antibiotics: Kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
    • Examples: Streptomycin (Streptomyces griseus), Bacitracin (Bacillus subtilis).
  • Serums: Provide passive immunity with pre-formed antibodies.
    • Example: Anti-tetanus serum (ATS).
  • Vaccines: Stimulate active immunity.
    • Example: BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis).

(a) Useful Role of Bacteria: Agriculture

  • Vital for soil fertility and plant growth, primarily through the Nitrogen Cycle.
  • Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria: Convert atmospheric N₂ to ammonia.
    • Symbiotic: Rhizobium (in leguminous plants).
    • Free-living: Azotobacter, Clostridium.
  • Nitrifying Bacteria: Convert ammonia to nitrates (e.g., Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter).
  • Denitrifying Bacteria: Convert nitrates back to N₂ (e.g., Pseudomonas denitrificans).

(a) Useful Role of Bacteria: Industry

  • Curing of Tea: Fermentation process develops flavor and aroma (e.g., Bacillus megaterium).
  • Tanning of Leather: Help in decomposition of non-collagenous proteins and fats in hides.

(b) Harmful Role of Bacteria: Spoilage of Food

  • Decompose organic matter, making food unfit for consumption.
  • Produce foul-smelling compounds.
  • Examples:
    • Clostridium botulinum (botulism in canned foods).
    • Salmonella, E. coli (food poisoning).
    • Lactobacillus (souring milk).

(b) Harmful Role of Bacteria: Diseases

Diseases in Humans

  • Cholera: Vibrio cholerae (severe diarrhea).
  • Typhoid: Salmonella typhi (fever, intestinal issues).
  • Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (lungs).
  • Tetanus: Clostridium tetani (muscle spasms).

Diseases in Plants

  • Citrus Canker: Xanthomonas axonopodis.
  • Fire Blight: Erwinia amylovora.
  • Crown Gall: Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

(b) Harmful Role of Bacteria: Bio-weapons

  • Microorganisms or toxins deliberately released to cause disease and death.
  • Pathogenic bacteria can be cultivated and weaponized.
  • Examples:
    • Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax).
    • Yersinia pestis (Plague).